How batteries are made: what are batteries made of

In everyday life, we are surrounded by many devices, for the operation of which a source of electricity is required. Some of them use batteries as a battery.

Meanwhile, few people think about the question of what this small current source consists of and how it is made. And if such a question appeared, then many disassemble the device and find incomprehensible elements.

Let's study together the structure of the food element and find out where and how it is produced.

What are batteries made of?

There are four types of batteries. Despite the fact that they have the same principle of operation, all power sources have a unique design and consist of different parts.

"Finger" and "little finger" batteries

"Finger" and "little finger" current sources represent a small cylinder. These are some of the most common battery options. They consist of the following elements:

• negative charge - cathode;
• liner, which acts as a kind of gasket;
• hulls;
• membranes;
• an electrolyte that ensures the normal course of a chemical reaction;
• a rod made from a carbonaceous compound such as coal or soot;
• fixing washer;
• positive charge - the anode.

This is the standard design for most cylindrical batteries. But there are devices that consist of a rod made of coal, metal parts and a special powder.

What the round battery consists of

A battery with an unusual flattened shape is also called a "pill". Most often it is used in watches and various alarms. It consists of the following elements:

1. anode - one of the covers plays its role;
2. cathode - the second cover serves as a negative contact;
3. gaskets additionally impregnated with electrolyte;
4. mercury dioxide;
5. zinc powder;
6. waterproof layer;
7. rings that provide reliable sealing.

Reference. If you heat a "pill", it will simply explode.

Cell phone battery

The design of a cell phone battery is somewhat more complex than that of conventional batteries. It includes:

1. positive and negative contact;
2. anode body;
3. cathode glass;
4. sealing substance;
5. separator;
6. insulating composition;
7. protective membrane;
8. diaphragm;
9. body made of aluminum or other metal.

What does the "crown" consist of?

The rectangular power supply is structurally different from other batteries. Positive and negative contact are on top of each other. They are located at the top of the device. Below is a base made of plastic. A plate departs from the minus contact, which is fixed on the minus pole.

The body of the device is made of metal. Inside it are six small flattened rectangles, each of which is an individual battery. The charge of such a "barrel" is 1.5 V. There is another one between the plates - a special one.

The structure of the power supply is quite simple:

1. two contacts - positive and negative;
2. body made of aluminum or other metal;
3. two plastic plates;
4. six interconnected "barrels" of 1.5 volts each;
5. carbon compound rod;
6. plates for insulating "kegs";
7. film;
8. outer shell.

What is the battery case made of?

The case is one of the most important structural elements of the power source. It performs a protective function by keeping the contents of the battery inside and preventing it from being destroyed.

Which power supplies are made of zinc

Many people ask this question for a reason, because Zn can be used in a variety of experiments. Or just sell. So, all salt batteries are equipped with a zinc case. Usually this is directly on it and is indicated.

Recently, more and more often you can find power sources with a housing made of tin or iron. The material of manufacture depends on the internal configuration of the batteries. Iron and tin are able to provide maximum protection and increased strength.

What is the case of cylindrical batteries made of?

It has a simple design that includes:

• upper and lower parts;
• lateral oval part;
• marking indicating the type of power source.

Reference. Many people mistakenly refer to a housing as a compartment in which batteries are placed.

Chemical composition of nutrients

The chemical composition depends on the specific type of power source. Most batteries contain the following chemical compounds:

• iron;
• lead;
• manganese;
• aluminum;
• lithium;
• cadmium;
• mercury (recently they are trying not to use it).

Reference. It should be borne in mind that one battery cannot contain all the chemical elements at once.

How batteries are made

The production of batteries is as follows:

1. Oval plates are cut from steel.
2. The prepared elements are rolled up into a tube, which in the future will serve as the body of the device.
3. All chemical elements are placed in the tube: graphite rod, electrolyte, zinc powder, thickener, catalyst and others.
4. The next step is making the cathode. For this, a special press “rolls” the necessary chemical compounds.
5. A groove is applied to the capsule of the future battery. It is needed to simplify the soldering process.
6. Sealant and glue are applied to the minus pole, which dries as the device moves along the conveyor belt.
7. An electrolyte is poured into the body, and a zinc gel is poured into the anode cavity. It gives the electrolyte a silvery-gray tint.
8. To charge the device, a 4 cm long nail is “welded” to the bottom of the device.
9. Next, the negative contact is sealed.
10. In order for the device to take its final form, all the edges of the case are folded over.
11. The last stage is to check the functionality and apply the necessary markings.

Battery Manufacturing Equipment

For the production of batteries in factories, various automated installations are used. The composition of the line may vary, but in most cases it includes:

1. vibration machine;
2. the machine that makes the body;
3. machine dividing the line;
4. assembly machine;
5. assembly station;
6. special "plate".

What factories collect batteries

There are five factories in Russia that assemble batteries:

1. "Space". He began his activity back in 1933. Its structure includes more than 35 factories located throughout Russia and in some other countries, for example, there are several factories in China. The factory produces over one hundred million power supplies annually. During its existence, the manufacturer has established itself from the best side, which is confirmed by numerous awards.
2. "Photon". Despite the fact that the company appeared only in 2011, it managed to take a leading position in the production of batteries. This is due to the high quality of the products. The long service life of the batteries has been confirmed in numerous tests. At the same time, they are much cheaper than imported counterparts.
3. Liotech. The plant is considered a joint brainchild of Russian and Chinese corporations. At its facilities, the assembly and production of lithium-ion power sources used for the production of batteries is carried out.
4. "Energy". The enterprise, located in the city of Yelets, closely cooperates with the Ministry of Defense. This confirms the reliability of the manufacturer and the high quality of the products. In 2011, the line was modernized and a conveyor for the assembly of lithium-ion power supplies was launched. The main part of the production is made up of "finger" and "little finger" batteries.
5. "SSK". The factory started producing batteries in 1993. Basically, the fourth and fifth generation batteries come off the assembly line. In addition, the plant is in continuous work aimed at increasing the capacity of the batteries, as well as studying new materials for manufacturing.

Now you know what power supplies are made of and how they are made. However, do not forget that each manufacturer uses their own developments, so the arrangement of the batteries and the composition of the line may differ significantly from the standard version.