Electrical protective means are meant, the use of which reduces or prevents the exposure of workers to hazardous factors of production. By the nature of their use, electrical protective equipment is divided into devices for personal or collective protection. Structural elements of an electrical installation (grounding knives, fences) that perform a protective function are not included here.
Content
- General information
- Basic fixtures
- Additional devices
- Picking methods
- Storage features
- Condition monitoring and accounting
- Operating rules
- Varieties of tests
- Classification of posters
General information
Electrical protective equipment is transportable or portable equipment that serves to protect workers from exposure to electromagnetic fields, electric arcs and electric shocks. Electrical protective equipment is subdivided into auxiliary and basic.
To general electrical protective equipment relate:
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insulating devices for carrying out repair work under voltages of more than 1000 volts and locksmith tools with insulating handles for working in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 volts; - voltage indicators;
- shielding sets;
- insulating coasters and linings, mittens, carpets, galoshes;
- safety signs;
- caps and guards;
- portable grounding.
In addition, you can use personal protection: helmets, goggles, gloves, gas masks, a safety rope and a mounting belt.
Basic fixtures
The main ones are the means in which the insulation can withstand voltage for a long time. electrical installation, as well as those devices that make it possible to touch live elements. They are tested under voltage taking into account the respective installation in which they are used.
The main devices for working with a voltage of more than 1000 volts include: measuring clamps, rods, insulating means (platforms, ladders, cables, rods). The main protective devices in installations up to 1000 volts are rods, insulating pliers, gloves, locksmith tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators.
Insulating elements must be made of materials with a stable dielectric coefficient (ebonite, porcelain, plastic, getinax).
Materials that absorb moisture (for example, wood) must be covered with a moisture-resistant compound and have a surface without scratches, peeling and splitting.
Additional devices
Auxiliary devices supplement the basic equipment, and are also required for protection against touch voltage and cannot independently protect against electric shock. For electrical installations over 1000 volts apply:
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shielding sets; - dielectric rugs, gloves, galoshes, caps;
- portable grounding;
- insulating pads;
- safety signs;
- Walling.
Accessories in installations up to 1000 volts include portable grounding, dielectric rugs and galoshes, safety signs, enclosing structures, insulating gaskets.
Picking methods
Workers serving electrical installations must be equipped with electrical protective equipment that ensures safety. All funds must be as inventory in the shops of power plants and switchgears, at transformer stations and substations or can be located in the inventory of mobile laboratories, operational or centralized repair brigades.
Inventory is distributed between facilities and repair teams, taking into account the operational management system, picking rules and local requirements. This equipment must be recorded in the lists, which are approved by the chief engineer of the organization.
Responsibility for providing electrical installations with tested means, performing inspections, creating a reserve and organizing storage, restocking, disposing of unusable devices are carried by the master of the site, the head of the power grid, substation, workshop, under the control of which the corresponding electrical installations are located, and in general, in the organization - the main engineer. Workers who received funds for individual use are obliged to be responsible for their correct operation and timely disposal.
During the determination of the inadequacy of funds that have been received for a particular electrical installation, employees are obliged to immediately withdraw, notifying the chief, who is responsible for the inventory, and make an appropriate entry in the operational documentation or in the accounting book.
Storage features
All protective devices that are in operation and in reserve must be stored and transported from the condition of ensuring their working condition and suitability for operation without preliminary work on recovery. Therefore, the funds are required to protect themselves from deformations, dirt and moisture:
- Store electrical protective equipment indoors.
- Spare rubber products are stored in a dry, dark and warm room with a temperature of 20-23 ° C.
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Exploited rubber products must be stored in special boxes, separately from the tool. They are obliged to protect themselves from the action of gasoline, chemical compounds that destroy rubber, as well as from direct sunlight, and be away from heating appliances. - Storage of conventional rods can only be done horizontally.
- Isolation rods must be stored vertically suspended or placed in racks without touching the wall.
- The measuring clamps must be located in the cases.
- The insulating pliers must be stored on special shelves so that they do not come into contact with the wall.
- Gas masks should be stored in dry rooms in designated cases or bags.
- Special areas for hanging grounding must be numbered taking into account the numbers of the devices themselves.
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In storage rooms, you need to have a list of electrical protective equipment, brackets or hooks for pincers, rods, safety signs, grounding. As well as cabinets and shelves for boats, gloves, insulating mats, galoshes, linings, caps, mittens, glasses, assembly cables and belts, voltage indicators, gas masks. - Funds that are in operation are stored in special places near the entrance to the room or on control panels.
- Insulation devices for live operation should be stored in a ventilated and warm room and should be packed in cases during transport. Before using the insulating device, wipe it with a rag, and during operation, do not allow moisture to enter. If the devices are damp, then they are subjected to drying and additional tests.
Condition monitoring and accounting
All operated electrical protective devices and mounting belts must be numbered (except for stands, rugs, safety signs). Numbering is performed at the substation or electrical network separately for all types of electrical protective equipment. If the device has several elements, then the number must be indicated on all parts.
At the substation, in the workshops of the power plant, in the laboratories, it is necessary to keep books of maintenance and accounting, which indicate the numbers, names, dates of regular tests and inspections, and the location. The devices that are in individual use are also described in the book with the date and time of issue, as well as the signature of the employee who received them.
During operation, protective equipment must be subjected to periodic acceptance tests. The test results must be recorded in the book of the laboratory that performed them. The book keeping pattern is not regulated.
After testing, a special stamp is installed on all means. He must be clearly visible. The stamp is either applied with paint, or knocked out, or glued to the insulating area. If the fixture has several elements, then the stamp is installed on only one part. On the means of electrical protection, which were found to be faulty during testing, the stamp is crossed out with red paint.
Operating rules
It is necessary to use insulating means only taking into account their direct purpose with a voltage not exceeding that for which the device is designed.
Fixed assets can be used in open or closed systems, as well as on overhead transmission lines, exclusively in dry weather. Their use in wet weather is prohibited. For open distribution systems in wet weather, special devices designed for this purpose are used. Operation, testing and manufacture of these tools must be carried out taking into account GOST, instructions and technical conditions.
Before any use of protective equipment employees should:
- determine by the stamp for what voltage this device is used and whether the test period is over;
- check serviceability, and also clean and dust off the protective agent. Rubber products are checked for punctures.
The use of electrical protective equipment that has expired the test period is prohibited, as they are unsuitable.
Varieties of tests
After manufacture, protective devices shall be subjected to type and acceptance tests. The main types of tests:
- Acceptance - control of manufactured products, which is carried out by the manufacturer during the acceptance of products.
- Typical - control of products, which is carried out after changes in production technology, recipes or designs, to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of these activities.
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During use, all products are subject to extraordinary performance tests. - Periodic testing is the control of products carried out within the time limits specified in the relevant documents.
- Extraordinary tests are carried out after repair work that could affect the characteristics of the equipment. The scope of these tests is carried out taking into account the nature of the breakdown and the features of the repair.
Classification of posters
Taking into account the main purpose, posters are divided into the following main groups: prohibiting, warning, indicative and prescriptive. According to the method of use, they can be portable and permanent.
Portable posters are made of plastic, wood, or cardboard. The permanent ones are made from sheet steel, plastic materials, or by applying paint to various surfaces through a stencil. For outdoor switchgear, posters can be made with various devices (hooks, clamp, cable) for their fastening at the installation site.
Warning posters required:
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to indicate the area that is prepared for work, to ensure general safety measures; - to prohibit the operation of switching devices, during the erroneous activation of which electricity can be supplied to the area where the workers are located;
- to warn you about approaching parts that are energized.
Every person who works with electricity must certainly be equipped with the necessary electrical protection equipment, taking into account the type of work. At the same time, it must be remembered that all equipment must be inspected under voltage before starting operation.
Before any work, it is imperative to check the tool for faults.
