Currently, about 98% of the electricity generated is alternating current. This advantage is due to the fact that it is much easier to produce and transmit over long distances. During its transportation, the voltage can usually decrease or increase several times until it reaches consumers. Therefore, in any apartment outlet, the current is alternating, not direct.
Content
- DC characteristic
- Description of alternating electric current
- Voltage determination methods
- Types and parameters of sockets
DC characteristic
Electric current is ordered movement of charged particles. While driving, they are influenced by the forces of the electric field and other external sources. The movement of positively charged particles determines the direction of the current.
If the forces of influence and the direction of movement do not change, then it is considered constant. In order for it to appear, free charged particles and a source are required that converts its energy into the energy of an electric field. The movement of charged particles results from:
- Chemical processes in which the original substances are converted into new ones. Such reactions are typical for rechargeable batteries and galvanic cells.
- Generation of voltage by generators in which the conductor moves in a magnetic field.
- Effects of light on semiconductor and metal particles. Such processes are typical for photocells.
Direct current is widely used in manufacturing to start equipment with a large starting torque. Electric motors allow speed control and smooth starting torque.
Direct current is widely used for household needs. Rechargeable batteries and batteries generate electricity between 6 and 24 volts, which is used in cars and many household appliances.
Description of alternating electric current
This kind of electricity is generated alternators, in which electromotive forces arise under the influence of electromagnetic induction. Alternating current changes its direction and value during movement. It has found widespread use due to its ability to transform strength and tension with little energy loss. There is single phase and three phase alternating current.
Most often, a single-phase voltage of 220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz is used in everyday life. Three-phase is used on an industrial scale to operate large and powerful electrical machinery.
There is an alternating current in the outlet, which is converted into a constant current throughout the apartment in special devices called rectifiers. Almost all consumer electronics (laptops, mobile phones, portable lights, etc.) ) operate on direct current.
Voltage determination methods
There are many ways to measure electrical indicators. The simplest method is to connect any electrical device. Thus, it is possible to determine only the presence of voltage in the network and the operability of the outlet.
You can also use a double-wire test lamp if it matches the line voltage. In addition, there is a voltage indicator to determine the presence of electricity. It can be either single-pin or two-pin. A single-contact probe can only determine the phase in the network, it does not detect zero.
Bipolar indicator force readings between phases and between zero and phase can be determined. Specialists very often use a universal device - a multimeter. Depending on the position of the switch, it can measure any readings in the electrical circuit.
Types and parameters of sockets
Sockets, although simple devices, have important functions to ensure reliable and safe contact between electrical appliances and the network. Modern models of these devices are equipped with a protective earthing function. For this, a separate contact has been made to them.
All devices must have a designation showing how many amperes there are in a 220 V outlet. They are currently rated for 6, 10 and 16 amps. For all old copies, this value did not exceed 6.3 amperes. All of these values indicate the nominal strength that the outlet can withstand over extended periods of time.
To calculate the current strength in the 220 V outlet, you need to divide the power of the connected electrical appliance by the voltage in the network. For example, if you connect a 2.2 kW device, then the power will be 10 amperes. Therefore, the outlet must meet these characteristics, otherwise it will simply burn out. This is especially true for devices that allow you to connect several devices at once. By the method of installation, they are:
- invoices;
- built-in.
Overhead sockets are used for outdoor wiring. They are usually attached directly to the wall. With the advent of corner devices, it became possible to install them at the junction of two walls. For hidden wiring, it is necessary to install built-in equipment. For this, a place is pre-drilled for the installation of a socket box, into which the main device is then installed. Recently, recessed sockets are commonly used, as they look more attractive.
On an industrial scale, powerful devices are used that can withstand high amperage. They are connected to special electrical equipment with enormous power.
