Wiring project: types of wiring, wiring diagram for connecting electrics in an apartment

All electrical installation work begins with a wiring project. This plan must be well thought out and efficiently executed. Its main stages are laying wires, priming, laying a special masking net, putty and wallpapering. But before starting work, you need to understand the diagram.

Connection methods

There are several options for connecting electrical circuits. The main types of specialists include:

1. Serial connection. In this case, all elements are located strictly one after another, while the structure has no nodes. A striking example of such a connection can be a New Year's garland, where all the lanterns are on the same wire. An obvious disadvantage of such a scheme is that the breakdown of one element will disable the entire circuit.
2. Parallel. This type of device is mounted in such a way that all elements work separately from each other, but are united by two nodes. In the event of a breakdown of one element, the rest function as before.
3. Mixed type can combine both types of connections.

Each master chooses the most suitable option for himself, depending on financial capabilities, skill level and preferences.

Wiring types

Before starting the main work, you need to decide on the type of wiring that would fully meet all the needs of the residents. Three options can be distinguished:

1. The most popular and used method is through a junction box. In this case, the shield itself is not located in the apartment, but on the staircase. A counter, switches are installed in it and a power cable is connected. Each individual room has its own junction box at the entrance.
2. Star. With this option, it is assumed that each lighting point and outlet is placed on a separate wire, which goes into the electrical panel and, as a rule, is equipped with its own automatic switch. This method is good in that it allows you to fully control each element, but the price of such a wiring is quite expensive, since it requires a large amount of cable. You will also have to purchase a large shield, since the standard one is not suitable for this option.
3. Plume. A simplified version of the star, but, unlike the previous method, several elements can be placed on the cable at the same time. This project will cost much less.

It should be noted that the use of one method is very rare. Basically, several options are used, which allows you to achieve the most convenient and high-quality result.

Drawing up a diagram

The power supply in the apartment is carried out only after an accurate diagram has been drawn up, where all distribution groups are drawn. To do this, you need to take several blank sheets and draw a separate group on each of them. This way, the plan will be clearer, and the workflow will not seem so complicated.

In addition, it is also necessary to divide the sources of consumption, while it is required to connect them to a separate machine, then there is no need to fear a complete power outage. After that, it will be possible to troubleshoot wiring problems in one area or in one room.

If the shield is installed in the apartment, then it is necessary to distinguish the following groups:

• connecting light to living rooms, kitchen and corridor;
• installation of sockets in living rooms;
• providing electricity in the corridor and in the kitchen;
• connection of lighting and power supply to the bathroom;
• if there is an electric stove, it is necessary to separate it from the main groups.

Having decided on the groups, you need to draw a diagram of the apartment, designate the connection points where they will the main consumers of electrical energy are located - it can be a split system, dishwasher or washing machine. Then it is necessary to mark the places where the switches, lighting fixtures, sockets and distribution boxes will be installed. After that, you need to connect all the circuits and calculate the length of the cable.

Having performed these actions, you need to draw up a final wiring diagram of the wiring and mark each electrical point with a generally accepted designation, and only after that connect them with a line. To make the drawing easier to understand and read, you can mark the lighting wires in one color, light wires in another, and grounding in a third.

Basic connection requirements

When drawing up a plan for an electrician in an apartment, it is necessary to take into account some requirements for how the wiring will be located. During electrical installation the following rules should be observed:

1. A socket can only be installed in the bathroom if it is connected via a transformer.
2. It is forbidden to connect the grounding contacts of the socket to the neutral cable or the heating system. This installation is insecure. This can be done using a special wire that has a protective earth.
3. When an electric stove is installed in an apartment, it is necessary to replace the main machine. Its face value must be at least 63 A.
4. The cable is laid exclusively in a vertical or horizontal direction, while it is necessary to place it to each other at an angle of 90 °. In this case, accidental breakdowns during repair work can be avoided in the future.
5. Try to lay the wires so that they do not cross. If this is not possible, then it is better to leave a small distance between them (3-5 mm will be enough).

In addition, the following standards must be observed: the distance from the wire to the ceiling or floor covering should not be less than 150 mm, from corners, windows or doors - from 10 mm.

Switches should be located on the left side of the door, while it is desirable that they be raised to a height of 850-900 mm, and sockets - 300 mm. In the kitchen, these conditions can be disregarded.

In addition to these requirements, you need to know that it is required to leave a gap of about 30-50 mm between the heating system and the cable. The wire connected to the outlet must be routed from the bottom, and to the switch, on the contrary, from the top.