A banal situation: a light bulb has burned out. It is clear that it needs to be replaced. If you don't have one at home, you will have to visit an electrical store, where you sometimes witness a mute scene. A woman asks the seller for a light bulb. He clarifies: "What kind of cartridge do you have in your lamp, E27 or E14?" Often people do not understand what is at stake.
Content
- Lamp-holder connection
- What is E27
- Right-hand Edison thread
- From the history of the creation of an electric lamp
-
Edison and Yablochkov - similarity of biographies
- Yablochkov candle
- Edison light bulb
Lamp-holder connection
The part of the lamp from which the light bulb is unscrewed is called an electric cartridge, it must be present in any lamp and is intended for voltage transmission directly onto the light bulb. The cartridge acts as a nut, and the lamp acts as a screw. The threaded part of the bulb is called the base.
What is E27
E27 is the most common type of base, the letter E indicates the Edison thread, 27 is the outer diameter of the base in millimeters.
For such a light bulb, only an electric socket E27 is suitable. It simply cannot be screwed into others. There are also E14 bulbs (and sockets), they are called lamps with a small base. Previously, as a rule, such bulbs were used in refrigerators, now they are used in different lamps and are beginning to displace the size of E27.
In addition, you can name other standard sizes of light bulbs with Edison base:
- E40 - used in high-power street lamps;
- E26 - inch base;
- E12 - chandelier base.
The last two sizes are used in the USA and Canada.
Right-hand Edison thread
Edison is called by many the inventor of the electric lamp. This is not entirely true. But he can be considered the author of the base design with right hand thread and the usual pear-shaped lamp for us. The thread patent was issued in 1909. That is why the letter E appears in the designation.
From the history of the creation of an electric lamp
It is believed that the first incandescent lamp was invented by the English explorer Delarue in 1809. Platinum was used as the filament material. In 1838, the Belgian Jobar used coal rods. This made it possible to greatly reduce the cost of the lamp, but it burned for only a few minutes.
In 1875, Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov invented his own version of an electric arc lamp with carbon electrodes. The duration of its burning was about 2 hours.
Several other inventors can be named:
- Joseph Wilson Swan, an English scientist, developed and patented a carbon filament prototype in 1960.
- Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin designed an incandescent lamp with several carbon rods in 1974. Later, he used a vacuum flask and brought the lamp's operating time to 100 hours or more.
- Thomas Edison demonstrated a carbon filament light bulb in 1880.
Edison and Yablochkov - similarity of biographies
Both inventors were born in 1847. Both came from poor families, in childhood they showed interest in invention and design.
Pavel Yablochkov invented devices for land surveying and for counting the path of a cart - a prototype of a modern speedometer. Thomas Edison made a railway and a sawmill, he was very fond of experimenting.
Both worked for some time on the railway as telegraph operators. Each of them became famous for the invention of the light bulb and was adequately rewarded for their innovative ideas.
Yablochkov candle
Pavel Nikolaevich, in addition to a light bulb, invented an alternator and an alternating current transformer, created a power supply system for a large number of lamps from a single voltage source. But his most significant invention is the design of an electric candle with two parallel carbon rods, for which a French patent was obtained in 1976.
After as in April 1876 the first public display of the candle took place in London, Yablochkov became world famous. Newspapers in England, France, Germany and other countries came out with eloquent headlines: "You must see Yablochkov's candle"; "Russia is the birthplace of electricity" and further in the same spirit.
The French company Breguet, where the Russian inventor worked, began selling Yablochkov candles. The demand for them was enormous. More than 8000 lamps were produced daily. Each of them burned for about an hour and a half. Electric light began to illuminate the streets, shop windows and premises of cities in England, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain and other European countries. "Russian Light" was lit in San Francisco and Philadelphia, in Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City, in Delhi and Calcutta. In 1878, candles were lit in St. Petersburg. It was truly the finest hour of the Russian inventor.
Edison light bulb
In 1879, his carbon filament light bulb burned for about 40 hours. The service life was soon extended to 800 - 1000 hours. Since that time, Edison's lamps have outstripped all competitors, including the Yablochkov candle.
Edison's main merit is that, in addition to the lamp itself and its base, he developed a cartridge, a rotary switch, a fuse, and electricity meters. In short, created an infrastructure for commercial use electric lighting.
In 1883, Edison Electric Light, founded by an American inventor with Morgan and other financiers, produced about 75% of all incandescent lamps in the United States.
Yablochkov was of noble origin, albeit one of the impoverished. Probably for this reason, as a child, he did not have to earn a living. From the age of 10, Edison helped his mother sell fruits and vegetables, at the age of 12 he worked as a newspaperman on the railway. It was during this period that his commercial streak manifested itself.
Unfortunately, Yablochkov did not have such entrepreneurial qualities. In 1878, he founded the enterprise "The Partnership for Electric Lighting and the Manufacture of Electrical Machines and Apparatuses P. N. Yablochkov-Inventor and Co. ". In addition to Pavel Nikolaevich, the shareholders included representatives of the military, industrialists and financiers. However, it was not possible to attract large capital. In addition, Pavel Nikolaevich periodically traveled to Paris on business, and there was no reliable control in his absence. This circumstance negatively affected the financial results.
By the end of his life, Yablochkov's material conditions were, to put it mildly, modest.
The first development that brought Edison a lot of money was an improved telegraph device for transmitting stock quotes on the stock exchange. In 1870, the inventor received 40 thousand dollars for it. If we transfer this money to modern purchasing power, then this will amount to about 1 million dollars.
Then, in 1877, Edison received $ 100,000 from Western Union for an improved telephone design. The following year, he founded Edison Electric Ligh to manufacture light bulbs. Moreover, the company for the first few years was selling them below cost, while increasing their output. This allowed us to conquer the market and ultimately cover all losses. After several mergers, the world renowned electrical engineering giant General Electric emerged.
Edison said: "Never invent something for which there is no demand."
By the end of his life, his fortune was estimated at $ 15 billion.
