Well in the country with their own hands: how to drill and arrange yourself

A well in the dacha will save a lot of problems. Provide water for irrigation, care for personal transport and territory. It is unlikely that the personally extracted water is useful for drinking purposes, but it is quite suitable for committing hygienic procedures.

True drilling development costs not too cheap. Another thing, if the well is arranged in the country with their own hands. In this case, you can acquire your own source of water with minimal financial losses. Do you agree?

Our proposed article describes in detail the drilling technologies available to independent drillers. The drilling tool and the rules for selecting it depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil are described in detail. Our recommendations will provide effective assistance in the design of water intake.

Short simplified course of hydrogeology

Groundwater differs significantly from surface counterparts. They do not flow in the form of turbulent streams with rivers, do not gather in lakes, if they do not fall karst cavity in the crust.

If zealous streams frolicked everywhere under our feet, cities and settlements would collapse after the ground, which has no reliable rock base.

The nature of the occurrence of water in rocks

Underground water contains pores, voids and cracks formed in rocks during various geological processes. We will not go into the genesis and principle of the processes in this article.

We note only that their physico-mechanical properties, as well as the hydrotechnical and hydrogeological specifics of the water in them, depend on the method of soil formation.

Groundwater is characterized by some movement within the enclosing layer - sediment layer with equivalent properties and structure. On them, by analogy with the surface, gravity acts, causing the current to the underlying layers or along the slope to the underlying areas.

If underground water has the ability to accumulate, but there are no ways for unloading, then the pressure rises. Water due to physical features can not be compressed. Within the confined space, pressure forces the fluid to look for a place for a natural exit. Due to this phenomenon springs come to the surface and hit geysers.

The soils, pores, cavities and cracks that contain water are called water-bearing or water-bearing. Construction for water intake should be deepened precisely in them. Among aquifers there are species that can freely pass water through themselves, and species that can only hold.

In the geological section, the water-carriers are usually alternated with water beds. These are clay soils, whose structure is similar to all known clay, do not contain water and do not let it through.

Water can be in small lenses and cracks formed in loams and solid sandy loams. However, most often it is simply absorbed by clay deposits, thereby changing their consistency.

Rocky and semi-rocky species in the intact state, i.e. without cracks. If their body is mottled with cracks of various sizes, and even filled with water, then rock and semi-rock formations pass into the category of water-bearing ones.

Groundwater classification

The nature of the formation of water-containing soils underlies the classification of the physicomechanical qualities.

According to which, usable groundwater is simplified subdivided into:

• Sediment water. They are located in the pores of sands of various size, in the emptiness of gravel, pebble, rubble deposits. They contain clastic soils, the particles of which are not connected to each other. These rocks have excellent filtration properties: the water in them and through them can move freely in a convenient direction.
• Water bedrock. They are located in rock cracks, semi-rock cracks and a number of sedimentary cemented soils. The most common enclosing representative is limestone. Water may spread through cracks of bedrock hard clay, marl, sandstone, etc., but these options are unsuitable for mining.

The filtration properties of bedrock depend on the degree of fracture. In the intact state, their particles are fixed with crystalline or consolidated bonds, which do not allow water to flow within the layer, leak out and penetrate from the outside.

Water in indigenous soils is formed by condensation. Accumulates for centuries without receiving external make-up. Naturally, it is cramped in a limited space, which is why a static level is usually set above the depth at the opening of a similar stratum. Sometimes these wells even gush.

Sedimentary deposits are regularly fed with atmospheric water. It penetrates by the banal infiltration - infiltration through the layers lying above. Sedimentary aquifers can also be saturated in the horizontal direction, for example, by receiving water through the same infiltration from a nearby reservoir.

The filtration properties and nature of rock formation are closely related to the hydraulic qualities of the water in them.

At the indicated sign, groundwater is divided into the following categories:

• Non-pressure. This is the water occurring in sedimentary rocks, in the first permeable reservoirs from the day surface. They are fed freely and in the same way are discharged into reservoirs or underlying layers, therefore they are distinguished by zero pressure.
• Pressure or artesian. It is clear that for the most part these are bedrock waters. However, among them are some wells that reveal a sedimentary aquifer. For example, if the site is in a razadka between two hills, the water opened by the production will tend to reach an average level in the reservoir and gush.

If the aquifer, confined to sedimentary rocks, lies between water-resistant layers of the same genesis, they can be characterized by a slight pressure. A vivid example: sand saturated with water, “covered” by loam at the top and bottom. At the opening, the static level for some time may be slightly above the roof of the layer itself.

People call this water interlayer, in the environment of hydrogeologists, low pressure. In practice, such situations are extremely rare. Because the water confined to sedimentary soils almost always has the opportunity for unloading.

This opportunity may turn out to be 1 - 10 km or more from the point of drilling, but thanks to it there is no pressure in the aquifer. Hence, the pressure of the question can not be.

Drillability category as an argument

In addition to these classification differences, there is still a very important sign that you need to familiarize the masters who want to drill an aquifer in their own summer cottage. This is a drillability category that significantly limits the range of possibilities for manual drilling.

The drillability category is again determined by the physicomechanical qualities of the rocks and the specificity of their origin. According to these characteristics, the soils are divided into:

• Loose Coarse and fine-grained sedimentary rocks that do not preserve the form during development: sands of all degrees of density and grain size, gravel, rubble, pebble deposits. Easily destroyed, but not always simply removed from the well.
• Plastic. Clay sedimentary soils that retain their shape in the development of workings: this is a family of loams, clays and sandy loams. Destroyed harder than the previous type, but extracted by its own "stickiness" without any problems.
• Solid. These include rock and semi-rock. The highest category of drillability, confirming the complexity and complexity of the development. Rocks are heavily destroyed, but it is also not easy to lift them from the bottom.

Sedimentary sediments are represented by loose and plastic varieties. With their drilling can cope on their own. There is no special need to attract technicians for work and to manufacture super-complicated drilling tools.

Root and semi-rock types are mainly indigenous. For an independent driller, this is an almost inaccessible option.

It is too difficult to develop without drilling rigs, and without a specialized destructive tool, chisels are impossible at all. Clays, solid and semi-solid, are easier to drill “rocks”, but water is not pumped out of them.

Note that drinking water is extracted from both sediment and bedrock. However, a variety confined to “sediments” is more often only technical due to the ability of soils to pass through any liquids, including drains, oils spilled on the ground, oil products, etc.

In any case, the water pumped out from a personal source must be carried for inspection at the SES in order to obtain a drinking or technical affiliation grounded by analyzes.

Selection of a place for a well at the summer cottage

Before you make a well for water intake in the country, it is necessary to carry out independent hydrogeological surveys. It sounds loud, but they consist in an elementary survey of neighbors who have their own water source.

Find out during the survey should:

• The depth of the water mirror at the existing points of the fence. It is possible to learn the specified circumstance from owners of both wells, and wells.
• Static Stability. Does not it have the property to drop significantly in the dry summer period in winter?
• Geological setting. More precisely, what rocks were opened while digging a well or drilling? Have any boulders met?

Country plots, as a rule, are located in flat terrain, which is characterized by almost horizontal occurrence of geological elements. Minor deviations will be only due to the difference in absolute elevations between the existing source and the point of drilling.

It is better not to use any popular methods of searching for signs of water in the area. Talk about the sensitivity of ants and climate accounting are generally ridiculous, they do not affect the occurrence of groundwater in any way. It was generally necessary to focus on the climate when choosing a site.

It’s worth it to decide on the shortest route from the source to the house or to the bath. And the possibility of installing the tower with the convenience of carrying out the whole complex of works is sure to take place. Determining the best time to drill will help next article.

Rent of the mobile drilling rig

The simplest and least time-consuming method of constructing a well at a private dacha is to rent a mobile drilling rig. With its help, in a couple of days you can drill and equip a one-man water intake structure on the site.

The installation without effort will pass through the sedimentary layer and, if desired, the master will reveal the root, but this method cannot be called cheap.

For drilling water intake will need a drilling tool. To extract loose rocks, you will need a scab, clayey soils are easier to lift with a screw, cup or core tube. If you have to destroy boulders or rock, you need to stock up on bits.

As a more affordable alternative, a collapsible hand-held drilling device is suitable. It includes a screw with a handle for rotational movement when drilling and a set of rods for extending the drill string. "Handbrake" calm drill holes 10-25 m. It is possible and deeper, if health and the number of rods allows.

In the absence of a drilling rig or a factory-made device, they resort to methods that have recently been used in professional drilling. The talk will be about shock-rotational and shock-cable manual mode.

Due to the heterogeneity of the geological profile, drilling methods are most often used in combination. The difference in the technique of destruction and extraction of rocks allows you to go through virtually any complexity of geological formations.

Manual drilling methods

Before deciding to implement a project for the construction of a water intake device, you should carefully familiarize yourself with the methods of well drilling. The technology is selected depending on the geological structure of the site. For this, neighbors are asked with prejudice about how they dug a well or drilled a well with them.

Finding out what type of soil had previously passed during the development, are determined with the drilling tool. You will need to make it yourself or rent it. Immediately you need to decide what to do with drilling rig: take from someone for temporary use or build yourself.

Option # 1 - rotary percussion drilling

From the title it is clear that the destruction and extraction of rolled rock from the trunk is carried out by means of blows and rotations.

To perform these drilling operations, different types of shells are used, these are:

• Spoon. Designed for rotary drilling, used in the penetration of plastic soils. It is a cylinder without a smaller half or only a segment. The drill is made with a certain displacement of the central axis so that the hole is drilled wider than the tool itself.
• Burav, otherwise auger. Designed for the development of dense clay soils rotational method. It is a screw with one or more turns. Acts elementary: screwed into the ground and on the blades makes the destroyed mass to the surface.
• Bailer. Designed for the development of bulk sedimentary rocks by the impact method. Apart from it, no tool is suitable for the complete extraction of gravel-pebble deposits, rubble, pebbles, loose sand. The shell is indispensable in the rise of water-saturated, because of which very weighted soils.
• Bit. Designed for crushing hard rocks by repeated persistent blows. It is used in conjunction with the small bone, which, after destruction, draws out the blade from the bottom.

Spoon - universal drill, with two exciting devices. To cut and grip the soil vertically, the left wall of a peculiar opening in the cylinder is slightly bent away.

For the lower grip most often arrange a cutter in the form of a bucket on the sole of the drill. Variations on the spoon a huge amount. Those who want to make it personally need only to understand the principle of action.

Like a screw, a spoon is screwed into the rock. With the lower cutter, it cuts into the ground, which, after separation from the array, falls inside the incomplete cylinder. Side cutter spoon during rotation cuts the rock from the walls of the trunk. The newly cut soil compresses the previous portion and pushes it into the cavity of the projectile.

Work is carried out until the cavity of the spoon is filled with a blade half or two thirds. Then the drill is removed from the well and released from the drilled blade through the side vertical “opening” existing in the cylinder. The emptied shell is again lowered to the bottom and then drilled.

The axis of symmetry of the spoon is shifted for a reason. The eccentric allows you to drill a hole suitable for simultaneous installation casing. Cessation is necessary for the formation of the trunk production in sediment.

Without it, loose rocks will endlessly crumble at the bottom of the well, and the clay rocks will “bulge” into the well when wet, narrowing the lumen and making it difficult to deliver the projectile to the bottom.

Recently, a variety of screw modifications have been actively replacing the spoon. They do facilitate the penetration, but by the standards of extraction of the destroyed rock are significantly inferior to a spoon.

She can get out wet sticky sands, and the auger will not lift them completely. To clean the face after the auger almost always have to use the shell. It turns out that the work is carried out in double volume.

The simplest model of zhelonka is made of a length of pipe Ø 180-220 mm, depending on the size of the well. Do not forget that for pumping water with a submersible pump, the inner diameter of the casing should be 2-3 cm larger than the outer diameter of the pump. Otherwise it will not be possible to lower it into the water intake structure.

The optimal length of the pipe section for the zhelonka is 1.0 - 1.2 m, so as not to suffer with lifting, emptying the projectile and cleaning it from the inside easily with your hand if necessary. In the upper third cut out the window required for the extraction of drilled soil. To the top they put it on the bolts or weld an earring to which the cable will be attached.

The tool shoe is often equipped with a single, rarely double valve. In narrow shelon valve serves as a ball. In order that the lower part is better loosened and the rock crushes down the bottom they sharpen the sharp edge or gash the teeth.

Several interesting options making zhelonka given in the article, which we advise you to read.

Held by the cable, the cup is freely thrown on the face. When hitting the ground, the valve opens, and the destroyed ground moves into the cavity of the pipe.

Passing a portion of the soil into the cavity of the projectile, the valve is slammed, due to which the shell holds loose loose rocks. Then the projectile is lifted above the face to a height of 1.5 - 1.0 m and again thrown until the next 0.3 - 0.4 m is passed.

About, how to make a drill for manual drilling of water wells, detailed in our recommended article.

We present proven bit designs, but sincerely wish not to face the need for their use. Of course, you cannot manually destroy the "rock" without a chisel. But is it worth contacting?

Drilling will take place literally a couple of cm per day. It is more reasonable to use the mechanized method: rent a mobile unit or invite drillers.

A chisel may be needed if large pebbles and boulders are found in a sedimentary section. Guess where they can stumble into reality is impossible, because they tend to chaotic location.

If the boulder meets after two / three meters of penetration, it is better to change the location of the well device. If about 15 - 20 m is drilled, then it is better to be brazed, long and aggressively dropping the chisel on the stone.

During drilling, all the listed tools periodically pour water into the well. It performs the function of drilling fluid, temporarily binds loose soil, softens clayey rocks and cools the tool, protecting it from premature wear.

For the manufacture of drill rods are ideal pipes with marking VGP, the inner diameter of which varies in the range of 33 - 48 mm. The length of the rod must be selected based on the height of the tower. So that when lifting in the gap between the block and the surface of the day 2-3 links were placed freely.

The traditional rod length is 1.2–1.5 m, but it happens that they are made by 5.0 m. Of course, when recruiting a drill string from long elements, there are fewer connections. Consequently, there is less opportunity to break the pipe chain in the barrel.

However, it is rather difficult to extract long rods from production. Moreover, it should be remembered that when lifting, the top of the column almost reaches the block with the cable thrown over it, and at the bottom a part of the casing is usually sticking out of the well.

Connect the rod threaded couplings or metal "fingers" - pieces of rod, made strictly on Ø holes in intended for joining the rods. The starting link is equipped with an earring for fastening the rope.

The lower part of each link must be perfectly connected with the subsequent element and be structurally identical to the device at the top of the spoon or screw.

Option # 2 - percussion wire drilling

Drilling with a rotation deeper than 10–15 m becomes too heavy, because, in addition to a loaded projectile, which has considerable weight, one has to pull out a string of drill rods from the development. In addition, each time you raise all these meters, you must constantly disassemble and then reassemble to deliver the tool to the slaughter.

In mechanized drilling, everything is simpler - hydraulics produce rotation, delivery and removal of the tool. Doing such work manually is impractical and too hard.

In addition, when performing rotational movements without the use of mechanisms, one can easily deviate from the vertical. And the greater the depth, the greater will be the imbalance that impedes both the delivery of the drill to the face, the installation of the casing, and the installation of the pump into the well later.

With manual drilling at such a depth, it is wiser to resort to shock-cable technology. In principle, it has already been set forth by us in the framework of the job description by the shell. This is the standard projectile for drilling using the impact method.

For penetration through clay soils, a conical cup with a cutting edge at the bottom of the shoe is used. Unlike zhelonok the glass has no valve and a window for excavation.

It is also thrown to the bottom of the well with effort and removed as the filling. Upon impact into its cavity, clay is pushed through, held only by the walls and its own ability to stick.

Free the glass from the blade by knocking a sledgehammer along its walls. The sticky rock is then separated from the inner surface of the projectile and falls out. No drill rods are needed.

So, it is not necessary to constantly disassemble and reassemble a considerable “chain” of drill rods. True, one or two of them can be used to banal weighting a tool when lowering it to a considerable depth.

For strikes on rock, a cable or cable is attached to the drilling tool, on the basis of which the drilling method is called shock cable. To perform rotational movements, a column of drill rods is used, connecting the drill with a manual or mechanical collar.

To increase penetration while drilling with rotation, the projectile also hits the face, and in order to enhance the force of destruction, the drills are equipped with all kinds of cutting details.

It is clear that during drilling, the drill should be regularly lowered to the bottom, and after its filling it should be removed to the surface. Do not forget that with increasing depth, it will be harder to get a tool with a developed primer with each penetration. To facilitate the drilling of the methods and tools described will help homemade rig.

The classic version of the rig is performed in the form of a tripod with a total height of about 4.5 - 5.0 m. A block is installed in the upper part of the tower, through which the rope connected with the projectile is thrown. During rotary drilling, the rig is needed in order to raise the drill string consisting of the tool and the drill rods.

When drilling for a depth of 10–12 m, you can do without a drilling rig, but the muscular effort will require more work. So it's better all the same with her.

If we really do not want to communicate with its construction, the device will fit in the form of two pillars with a crossbar and a lever thrown over it. It is possible that on the basis of the proposed designs, you can develop your own device that facilitates the work of the driller.

Casing hole

For the wellbore casing, the best option is steel pipes. Polymer fit to collect, but in terms of strength when dredging into the ground they are not too good. Again, pushing the casing into the well will not be hydraulics, but manual efforts, and light plastic pipes will not be simply buried in manual production.

The casing is collected from individual links, approximately 2 m long. It is possible even more, but it will be inconvenient to install them into the wellbore during drilling. Therefore, although there will be many connections in the casing string, it is better to use a suitable size for work.

The first link is established after two / three walkers. Then it is gradually pushed, laying the bar on top for the application of its own strength and weight. When drilling with the rotary method, the depth of the casing is carried out following the extraction of the tool with the ground.

The use of the shock-cable method in bulk rocks makes the casing deepen with some advance of the projectile, otherwise the drill will endlessly draw a layer without moving down.

Connect the casing links by welding or threaded couplings, but it is best to initially select pipes with threads. As they are penetrated, it is easier and more convenient to screw them in than to constantly weld and inspect the seam for defects.

They continue to drill until the aquifer passes and dives into the underlying aquifer at least 0.5 After that, the casing string is slightly “pulled out” to the surface in order to get out of the water-resistant layer. Then produce pumping water intake, to get rid of the rock destroyed in the process of drilling.

Upon completion of flushing inside the cased trunk, install another column of pipes with well filterwhich will relieve water from contamination and protect the pump. Now you can install a pump, the type of which is selected depending on the depth of the aquifer.

The final stage of organizing your own water source is the arrangement of its mouth. For this making caisson or put purchased in the store ogolovok.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Video # 1. Demonstration of homemade drilling rig:

Video # 2. Testing homemade auger drilling machine:

Video # 3. The principle of hydrodrilling based on the development of a well by a screw:

The methods of manual drilling presented by us will help in the difficult but useful business of developing your own water source at the dacha.

We invite those who wish to share their own experience in drilling wells to leave comments in the block below. Ask questions, tell us about the useful nuances in sinking and arranging water intake workings, post a photo. We are interested in your opinion on the information provided for review.