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One of the most valuable and delicious gifts of the forest is the white fungus. Do you know that he belongs to tubular mushrooms? Their fleshy and dense flesh, perhaps, is the most delicious among other representatives of the mushroom kingdom and certainly the most useful and nutritious. The white king of mushrooms is not the only one of this species, in addition, there are inedible tubular specimens, and even poisonous ones. Let's talk in more detail about what the tubular mushrooms are and what they are.
For this species of fungi is characterized by symbiosis with woody species: almost every mushroom grows under its own tree.
Characteristics and classification of tubular mushrooms
It is very easy to distinguish tubular mushrooms: on the underside of their hats there are a lot of small, dense tubes standing next to each other, so that the flesh of the bonnet becomes like a sponge. The shape of the hat itself is never flat - it is always convex, more or less, depending on the particular species.
The peculiar structure of the cap contributes to the fact that it absorbs a lot of moisture, which should be taken into account when cooking.
Among tubular mushrooms, most species are edible, they are boiled, marinated and fried. They retain their taste qualities in the dried form, but since the color is not always preserved after drying, such delicacies are usually divided into two unequal groups:
- White, in which the pulp remains light even in the dried form. These include only boletus, they are also white mushrooms (for which they got their name).
- Black - all the other tubular mushrooms, the dried pulp of which acquires a dark color.
Collecting edible tubular mushrooms, it is better to leave old specimens in the forest: they contain less In addition, during the heat treatment, the flesh of the cap in most species becomes gelatinous.
At the same time, there are among the tubular mushrooms and frankly insipid, officially recognized inedible species with bitter flesh. Came here even a poisonous mushroom, but more about this later.
Popular edible tubular
To one of the most favorite mushrooms edible tubular mushrooms with excellent taste characteristics are:
- Boroviki (white mushrooms). They grow in small families mostly under conifers or birches, depending on this, the color of the hat varies from dirty gray to dark brown. The sponge under the hat also varies, in some species it is white, in others it has a yellow-green color. Leg in the form of a keg, thick, fleshy. The pulp is light, produces a characteristic odor.
- Oily. The inhabitants of pine forests, like to grow families. Fleshy brown hats are covered with a very slimy skin. The leg can be lighter or darker, also of a dense structure. The sponge is often yellow.
- Moss whales. Small mushrooms grow on sandy soils. The hats can be dirty yellow or tender green, the yellow flesh turns blue after the break. Leg thick.
- Underarms. Grow between the roots of birches families. Hemispherical caps at first are light, but then turn brown. Leg is dirty white, covered with frequent gray scales. The pulp is light, but it darkens after drying.
- Podosinoviki. Fleshy mushrooms grow, respectively, under aspens. The convex hat reminds the color of autumn foliage, orange-brown. The leg is high, in the lower part thickens, covered with black scales. The sponge is yellow-gray, the flesh on the break becomes blue at first, and then almost black.
- The Polish mushroom. It grows among fallen pine trees on damp soils. The hat is dark brown, beneath the bottom is a white and yellow sponge. The leg is rather tall, thick, light brown with a barely perceptible pattern. When cut, the light flesh turns blue, and then becomes brown, which distinguishes the Polish mushroom from white.
- Oakbreads. Grow in oak and lime forests. Large hats with a diameter of up to 20 cm have different shades of brown, the skin first velvety, with age acquires a glossy luster. The spongy layer in young mushrooms is yellow, in adults it is orange. The yellowish stem is quite high, up to 12 cm thick, covered with a reddish mesh. When exposed to air, the yellow flesh quickly turns blue.
Some scientists refer oak to a conventionally edible species, and the use of their raw pulp generally causes symptoms of poisoning. However, properly cooked oak trees are no less delicious than boletus, and very edible.
Attention, danger - poisonous tubular mushroom false boletus
The only representative tubular that can harm a person is the Satanic mushroom. He got himself into confidence by accident, because he externally has the closest resemblance to a real fowl, as a result of which his mushroom pickers call him: "a false boar."
His hat is in the shape of a hemisphere, with a smooth grayish skin, slightly velvety. Thick leg resembles a barrel, orange at the top and slightly lent. The center of the foot of the poisonous tubular mushroom is adorned with a red mesh, passing at the very ground in a yellow-brown color.
To distinguish a false boletus from the present it is possible on a blue flesh after a notch, which at first becomes red. In addition, the middle part of the leg has a brightly colored red mesh.
Inedible tubular
Quite a few among the tubular mushrooms and those that outwardly are charm itself, but are absolutely unsuitable for food because of the bitter flesh. Some of them are easy to learn also on the unpleasant odor, however, it is not at all.
The most famous inedible tubular mushrooms are:
- Pepper mushroom (it's a pepper oil pepper or pepper moss). Most often forms mycosis with deciduous species (birches). Externally similar to an ordinary oil dish, but the spongy layer is painted in brighter colors (reddish). Convex head rusty, covered with a slightly velvety dry skin. Leg of the same color, but the earth is brighter, yellowish. Its name was called pepper mushroom for a peculiar sharp taste of pulp. Because of this, it is considered inedible. However, some gourmets manage to use it as a seasoning (instead of pepper).
- Bile fungus (it's also bitter). Has a thick fleshy bonnet golden-red with a matte dry skin, the spongy layer is white, the old specimens acquire a pink tint. The yellow leg is decorated with a mesh brown pattern, and turns pink, which distinguishes the bitter from the white fungus, to which it is so similar.
- Porphyrovic pseudo-birch. The thick hat is first semicircular, then straightened, olive-brown, covered with velvety skin. The dense leg is painted in the same color, in the central part is thicker. The sponge in young mushrooms is light gray, with age it becomes brown. The white pulp is colored red in the fracture, bitter and smells bad. However, some mushroom pickers assure that after a long heat treatment, the mushrooms can be eaten.
- Trameters Troga. One type of tinder, grows on dry hardwood in the form of a multi-tiered build-up. The spongy thick layer in the form of large pores becomes cork. The edges of the cap are thinner, and the surface is covered with a hard skin in the form of bristles, painted in a gray-yellow color. The flesh is light and very tough, without taste, so it is not used for food.
The importance of tubular mushrooms should not be underestimated. Despite some species that do not differ in taste, among the spongy mushrooms with fleshy pulp and thick hats are some of the most delicious and useful gifts of the forest. Going for delicacies for a festive dinner, watch carefully under the trees and be sure to put a couple of mushrooms or oats in your basket.
