8 ways( methods) of piling in the ground

Contents

1. №1.Impact piling method
2. №2.
3. No. 3 Vibrating Way to Pile
4. # 4 vibro-impact method.
5. No. 5 Pile ShakingDipping piles with indentation
6. №6.Dive piles screwing
7. №7.Piling diving using the
8. No. 8 submerge method. The method of electroosmosis when piling
9. . The piling method of piling

. Even the most distant person from the topic of construction understands that the foundation of any building is the foundation, and realizes that the durability and strength of the building depend on its reliability and correctness. When it comes to the construction of large houses and important objects, is usually chosen as the pile foundation of .It can be used on any type of soil, it provides the building with maximum reliability, and it takes less time to install such a foundation than to build a strip or any other type of foundation. For pile foundation, different types of piles are used and different methods of their immersion. The choice depends on the type of soil, the location of a number of other objects, the nature of the structure, the length of the piles and the mass of other factors. Let us see what methods of piling into the ground exist, and when it is better to apply this or that method.

First, a few words about the types of piles. They are packed and driven .The first ones are obtained as a result of installing a reinforcement cage in a well prepared in advance and then pouring it with concrete. The driving piles are brought to the installation site ready for use, and crane installations are used to transport them directly to the dive point. When they talk about immersion, they mean precisely zabivnye piles.

Dipping piles into the ground is carried out using various methods:

• ; shock;
• vibrating;
• indentation;
• screwing.

Combining some of these methods allows you to talk about several mixed methods of piling:

• vibro-impact;
• vibration compression;
• diving with flushing;
• immersion with the use of electroosmosis.

Let us understand the basic subtleties of each method.

№1.

punching impact method The impact method involves transferring a pile of translational energy, due to which it sinks into the ground, displacing its part out or compacting it. To do this, use complex and heavy mechanisms - self-propelled impact or rail installations. To move them around the construction site, a level surface is needed, so the area must be leveled beforehand. The pile is kept in a vertical position due to the frame, a kind of arrows.

In the early stages, the dive is done slowly so that the correct angle of inclination can be controlled. The rod or tubular hammer acts on the pile itself. With the same weight, the tubular hammer has 2-3 times higher impact force than a sucker rod. To prevent piling equipment from destroying a pile, a special cap is used. The dive continues until the pile reaches the design depth.

The main advantages of the method include:

• the ability to work on any type of soil ;
• high speed and performance of installation work;
• increase the load-bearing properties of the foundation, as the piles, plunging into the ground, compact it in a zone of 2-3 diameters around them;
• work can be carried out in almost any weather.

№2.

Vibrating Piling Method Thanks to the vibration transmitted to the pile by special equipment, the friction force and the ground resistance of the are significantly reduced by the .That is why it is often required much less effort to sink a pile to the design depth than when driving. We must not forget that during vibrations, as well as with the impact method, compresses the ground with an approximately 1.5–3 piles in diameter( it all depends on the type of soil), so that we can speak about the appearance of additional bearing capacities.

This method involves the use of vibratory pile drivers .Such installations pass the mechanical vibrations of a certain frequency through the headgear to the pile. Due to this effect, the ground becomes as if flowing, and the pile begins to sink under its own weight. If we are talking about long heavy piles, then use low frequencies, for light small piles high frequencies are more suitable( more than 1500 vibrations per minute).

The immersion process begins with the installation of the vibratory pile driver to its original position, fixing the pile and aligning it vertically. Before starting work, it is recommended to perform a test switch on to ensure that there are no deviations from the vertical. Such equipment is expensive, and it should be managed by qualified specialists: the price for a vibratory pile driver, or more precisely, the cost of using it, will be lower if you use the rental services. In Moscow and throughout Russia, the lease of such installations is offered by GK “Drilling Technologies”: the cost includes the services of an experienced operator.

It is recommended to use the vibratory method of piling in the following cases:

• sand and water saturation .In this case, the pile shells, metal sheet pile and reinforced concrete piles are immersed at a speed of 3.5-7 m / min;
• on low-moisture and dense soils method is also applicable, but for this it is necessary to pre-drill a well;
• when immersed in clay and heavy loamy soils for 15-30 cm before reaching the design depth, it is better to switch to the impact method.

Consider that in dense urban areas, vibration should be used only in non-resonant modes. It is desirable that the oscillation frequency was not higher than 40-50 Hz.

№3.Vibro-shock method

As the name suggests, this method involves the combining vibration and shock loads. The vibrations and shocks simultaneously affect the pile, which allows it to enter the soil quickly and relatively easily. This method is used on solid grounds , where a different method would be ineffective.

The installation, which carries out vibro-impact immersion, has two frames: on one there is an electric generator percussion apparatus, on the second - an arrow with a vibratory driver. The pile driver is connected to the pile with the help of a cap, then the pile is positioned and the mechanism is started. In a similar way, piles up to 6 m long can be immersed.

No. 4.

Pile Vibration This method combines shock, vibration and indentation. Three forces act on the pile at once. The installation, which produces the work, consists of an electric generator( works from a tractor or an excavator engine), a two-drum winch, a guiding boom with a vibratory pile driver and blocks through which the pressing cable from the winch comes to the vibratory pile driver.

In the designated place, the vibrator piles up the pile and sets it to the point where the immersion will take place. The pile is protected by a cap. When the installation is turned on, the pile begins to dive under the action of vibration, its own weight, the weight of the vibrator, the weight of the tractor or other equipment, the shock load. Conveniently, the installation does not need to prepare the path of movement. The method is suitable for working with piles up to 6 m.

No. 5.

punching dive The push-in method is used on particularly hard and dense soils( with the exception of rock) for immersing solid and tubular piles of short length( 3-5 m).The method is based on the impact on the pile of static load. During the works, special equipment is used, which takes up enough space, so the implementation of the method is possible only in areas where there is at least 500 m2 of space available.

First, the pile is placed in the vertical position in the guide boom of the installation, and the pile shaft is fixed with clamps. The pile deepens by a meter, after which a head is lowered onto its head, which will transmit pressure to the pile through a system of blocks from the base machine( excavator, tractor).This pressure causes the pile to gradually sink into the ground. If the pile cannot reach the required depth, with the help of the equipment, it is slightly raised, lowered again and the indentation continues.

№6.Piling Screwing

Method used for screw piles .They consist of two parts: a steel tip with blades adjacent to it( ensures easy entry into the ground) and the pile shaft itself made of steel or reinforced concrete. Screwing is used in the construction of bridges, power lines and other objects with a large load. Optimally, the method is suitable for use on thin or flooded grounds. can be used in any climate. Screw piles can be screwed even in areas with dense building .

Screwing occurs due to special equipment, which is installed on the frame of an auto tractor. On the installation drive, the pile is fixed in the inventory casing( not with the help of an end cap).Torque from the equipment due to the transmission goes to the pile, it begins to rotate and deepen into the ground. If the ground is too dense, then a slight raising of the pile and restarting the mechanism are allowed. After the required depth is reached, the pile is unclamped.

№7.Dipping piles using the

method of undermining the soil. The method uses the method to wash the soil on loose and loose soils( sand and sandy soils) to install piles of large diameter and length. It is not allowed to use the method on subsiding soils and when there is a threat of subsidence of nearby buildings. The method is based on the wetting of the soil and the subsequent reduction of the friction force, due to which the pile easily enters the soil under the action of its own weight and the weight of the hammer installed on it.

Tubes are inserted into the tip or side walls of the pile, through which water is supplied under high pressure( about 0.5 MPa).Under the influence of water, the soil becomes softer, pliable, loose and washed out. This principle is familiar to us from the sandbox. The soil resistance of the pile is reduced, water also blurs the layers of soil that adjoin the pile walls, reducing the friction force. Water supply tubes have a diameter of 38-62 mm. A side wash( provided with 2 or 4 tubes on the sides of the pile, 30-40 cm above the tip) more effectively reduces the friction force of the pile walls compared to the central wash( provided with a single or multi-jet tip in the center of the pile).

It is clear that in this case we are not talking about a high bearing capacity, therefore, often a method of undermining is combined with a shock method. In this case, costs are reduced and the reliability of the installed base increases.

№8.The method of electroosmosis when sinking piles

The method of electroosmosis cannot be considered independent - it is rather a way to simplify the process of sinking a pile. Well suited for dense and water-saturated clay soils and loams. The essence of the method consists in connecting two piles to an electrical network. Already immersed pile plays the role of the anode, and not yet clogged - the cathode. When the current is turned on, the soil near the anode loses moisture - it passes into the zone near the cathode. In a more wet soil, as you know, it is much easier to sink a pile. Immersion is carried out by the shock method or indentation.

After the current disappears in the network, the properties of the soil will be restored in a short time, so you should not worry about the carrying capacity of such a foundation.

Bored piling method of piling

Let's make a reservation at once, the buranai-method is only indirectly related to the methods of piling, because in this case piles are created immediately at the site, but we will briefly describe it. Piles are created by constructing a skeleton of reinforcement in a pre-prepared well, which is then poured with concrete. The well is created using a percussion or rotational drill.

Bored piles are created in one of the following ways:

• casing pipes .A pipe is installed in the well that protects the walls from collapsing. Then a reinforcement cage is created and the prepared concrete is poured. The pipe itself may remain in the well or be dismantled. Naturally, in these two cases different pipes are necessary;
• without casing .The concrete solution begins to flow into the well during its drilling. It strengthens the walls and plays the role of the casing. Next in the concrete frame is placed from the reinforcement. For a more uniform distribution of concrete use a special pipe for casting, with a vibrator at the end.

Finally, we note that the scheme itself dive and subsequent location of piles is also of great importance:

• The standard scheme assumes that the piles are equally spaced relative to each other. Suitable for sandy and gravel soils, not used on dense soils, easy to implement;
• The spiral scheme of the assumes the location of the piles from the center of the foundation to its perimeter in a spiral. In this case, you can talk about the most uniform load distribution and reducing the likelihood of shrinkage;
• sectional scheme involves the installation of two poles in the same row, the subsequent omission of one row and the reinstallation of two poles. Thus, the entire pile field is passed, after which the piles are installed in the missing rows. The option is suitable for areas with dense ground.

Foundation construction is a very important process, which must be approached with an understanding of the features of the soil, the specifics of the building being erected and a number of calculations. The immersion method together with other factors affects the reliability of the foundation, so its choice must be taken seriously.