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Wooden stairs are gaining more and more popularity every year. This is due, primarily, to the fact that people more often began to purchase country houses of several floors. At arrangement of the room the correct choice of steps plays an important role. Ladders from a natural tree possess many positive sides. This type of product can be both bought and made independently. To do this, you need to collect a certain set of tools, buy good wood and be patient.
How to make a calculation?
Before starting work, special attention should be paid to the selection of the base material. Wooden stairs to the second floor can be made of different tree species, but pine is best suited. This type of raw material is soft and low price. Even a novice will easily work with such material.
The staircase from solid pine does not darken, if before starting work, the raw materials are processed with high-quality materials using a special tool.
In order for the construction to be reliable and last for many years, it is recommended to buy wood of more expensive varieties. These include beech, oak, larch. They have a denser structure, but have a high price.
The main types of stairs:
- spiral;
- marching.
For the manufacture of the first option, in addition to wooden materials, metal ones are also used. Such stairs are intended only for the movement of a person. To raise furniture or other dimensional elements on them is almost impossible. Often, screw designs are chosen in the premises of a small area. Popular types of wooden stairs are shown in the photo below: 
Flight gears are the most practical and easy to manufacture. Similar designs are divided into many species. They can be either single-marched or consist of several parts. In the second variant, a platform is often used that separates these elements and is used to create a turn.
Before starting work, it is necessary to carry out the calculation of the wooden ladder:
- The product should not have a tilt angle greater than 45.
- The depth of tread is not less than 25 cm.
- The dimensions of the steps should be within 16-20 cm..
- Railing height from 1 meter. For children - 60 cm.
- . Vertical opening - not less than 2 meters.
In order to determine the number of steps, it is necessary to divide the height of the future staircase by the height of the steps. The resulting number should be rounded to a whole. This indicator will be the number of steps. 
An accurate calculation can be made using a special computer program. Using simple rules and recommendations, you can make a comfortable, and most importantly, reliable ladder.
The design of the product
Before you make a wooden staircase, you need to know what it consists of. This will help to quickly create the option that will fit into the chosen interior of the room as much as possible.
For ease of movement, the number of steps should be odd.
The design of the staircase includes the following parts:
- Bowstring. This element acts as a carrier beam and is an additional fastener of steps.
- Kosoura. They are gash that are created in the main parallel beams. They are needed to accommodate the treads.
- Elevation. They are intended to cover the visible part between the steps. The risers are mounted vertically. The use of these elements is optional.
- Proceed. This type of elements is the upper part of the steps.
- Balusters. By means of this part the maximum rigidity and durability of a product is reached. Attached elements to the steps and railings.
- Bars. They are also often referred to as support rods. This is the main part of the screw designs.
- Handrails. Mounted up balusters.
- Radial approach. They are presented in the form of a rounded shape. Installed at the bottom of the stairs.
- Decorative parts. They are installed on poles. Often they are called stubs.
- Zabezhnaya level. It is mounted at the very beginning of the flight of stairs. Its distinctive feature is an unusual form.
The complexity of the construction depends not only on the type of construction, but also on the method of manufacture. A wooden staircase to the second floor can be made with private hands for a private house on bowstrings and on kosoura.
Bowstrings are mounted from the end of the tread. For this purpose, angles, grooves and building glue are used. They can also be fixed by applying bars. All elements are fixed with bolts or screws. 
As for the kosour, they are located under the steps themselves. For their installation used special fasteners. 
For the manufacture of bowstrings and kosoura best to use oak or ash. Also masters prefer larch. Such tree species will make the design more reliable.
Marking and Creation of Elements
The production of wooden ladders should be started only after the complete calculation is made. You also need to finally determine the place where the product will be installed.
Sequence of actions:
- The first thing to do is markup for bowstrings and kosour. To get the job done as accurately and quickly as possible, it is recommended to use a right triangle. You can also create a special corner to create. There are marked legs on it.
- At this stage, the length of the steps and, if necessary, the steps are measured. All items should be cut with an electric saw. It is not recommended to use hand tools, as it will be difficult to obtain the desired result with it.
- All elements must be thoroughly sanded. This should be done first with an electric device, and then with sandpaper. Manual processing is necessary in order to clear places that are difficult to access.
If the steps will be placed on the kosouri, then their length should be 10-20 mm more, and the width - 20-30 mm.
Special attention should be paid to the wooden railing for the stairs. Sanding them should be in several stages, reducing the grain of the paper. Thus, the handrails will turn out perfectly smooth.
Also, do not forget about the connector to the second floor. If it is not, then the method of dismantling will need to remove part of the overlap.
Installing a wooden ladder
Fixing the structure is the main part of the work. Much depends on the correct assembly of elements.
Installation of a wooden ladder must begin with the mounting of the support beam. It is fixed to the floor where the stairs will begin. Then to the beam is mounted kosour. This can be done in two ways: gash in a beam or gash in a kosour.
After this, the product is fixed to the support beam, to the side wall and the ceiling opening. Once the first kosour is well fixed, you can proceed to the second. The second element is set according to the length of the prepared steps.
The top step must be on the same level with the floor of the second floor.
Depending on the width of the ladder and the expected loads, you can use not two kosoura, but three and more. The use of several elements gives the structure rigidity.
In order for the steps not to be tilted in different directions, you should install the kosury as evenly as possible.
After the main parts are attached, you can begin to install the steps, and then to the steps. Treads are attached with screws on the tree to the kosouram and the approaches. It is important to ensure that the fasteners are well recessed into the wood. 
Installation of balusters and pillars should start from the markup, where they will be. The shkant hole should be located in the middle of the baluster. Fasteners are fixed to the connector with glue. They should be 10-15 cm up. Under the size of the dowel, a hole is drilled in the baluster. 
The posts are then attached. They are mounted at the beginning and at the end of a single-marke construction. At first you should attach only the top elements, the bottom will be installed at the very last moment.
After that, you need to fix one or two balusters. This is necessary in order to determine the angle of the surface. For this you will need to attach a handrail. Cut off the waste part from all elements.
Then the base and the holes, prepared by the balusters, are carefully processed with glue and connected to the dowels. 
Railing cut at the desired angle. On cuts holes are made to connect them with the columns, using the dowel. The rail is attached to the balusters after the glue is completely dry. They are also fixed with adhesive and screws. For reliable fastening use an electric drill. 
Last set bottom column. It is also fixed to the railing by the boom. After the glue is completely dry, a handmade wooden staircase is considered finished.
To prevent the material from infecting fungus and insects, wood should be painted with an antiseptic. Paint the stairs with a varnish or other paints after the primer dries well. This will require a wait of at least 24 hours. If this is not done, the paint will not fall evenly and eventually will begin to peel off.
Making a wooden staircase is easy. Adhering to the sequence of actions and recommendations you can make a beautiful, durable and durable construction that will decorate the room for many years.
