Despite the long list of deficiencies identified by comparison with other sources of artificial light, incandescent bulbs are in demand in the domestic sphere and in industrial sectors.
Cheap and easy to use devices not want to give up their positions, although the market a huge number of more economical and "long-playing" substitutes - such as LED lamps.
The content of the article:
- Lamp apparatus filament
- Types and application LN
- on the application of the marking features
- Basic specifications
- Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps
- How to choose the right bulb
- Useful videos on the topic
Lamp apparatus filament
Until recently incandescent (LN) were used throughout, so their design features familiar to many. And sometimes he had to "meet" due to light source failure: tungsten filament burn out implode or glass bulb flew out of the cap.
Some manufacturers use a more robust and proven materials and treated for release bulbs responsibly so that their production has been running for several decades. But this is the exception rather than the rule - today is no guarantee for a long service life is given.
The main operating element - the so-called body of the filament fixed to the holder and attached to the electrodes. At the time of connecting electricity passes through it stress causing simultaneous heating and light. To become visible radiation, the heating temperature should reach 570 ° C.
The most resistant to high temperature metal tungsten recognized. It begins to melt when heated to 3422 ° C. To maximize the radiation area, but reduce the amount of filament bodies inside the glass bulb, it is twisted into a spiral.
To protect the tungsten from oxidation process, which is characteristic for metals, the flask is evacuated and replaced by vacuum or gas (krypton, argon, etc.). vacuum filling technology obsolete, for household lamps often used a mixture of nitrogen and argon or krypton.
As a result of testing the minimum burning lamp was found - 1 thousand hours. But, given the accidental causes that output will destroy the device ahead of time, it is assumed that the standards apply only to 50% of the products from each batch. The time of the second half may be more or less - according to the conditions of use.
Types and application LN
Qualitative characteristics and marking tungsten bulbs regulated GOST P 52712-2007. By type of filling flasks LN devices are divided into the vacuum and gazopolnye species.
The first are smaller because of the inevitable evaporation of the tungsten filament. Additionally tungsten evaporation deposited on the glass envelope of the vacuum source, which significantly reduces the transparency of the glass and the ability to transmit light. Release them from monospiralyu in Nomenclature their assigned letter V.
In gazopolnyh devices minimized disadvantages of vacuum bulbs. The gas reduces the evaporation of tungsten and prevents settling on the walls of the flask. Gazopolnye monospiralnye types are indicated by the letter T, and lamps with double-wound spiral, ie, coiled-coil, marked with the letter B. If coiled-coil has a variety of BC range, it means that its content was used krypton.
The halogen bulbs GLN to the filler glass flask was added bromo or iodo, to help evaporate after evaporation of tungsten atoms are returned back to the filament. Galogenki produced in two formats: in the form of quartz tubes with a long spiral, or in a capsule with a compact embodiment the working element.
State standards division of the group takes place on the field of application, however, affected by other characteristics. Suppose, on the same level are considered "LN miniature electric" (LF plural) and "LN infrared mirror" (LC - Devices with a concentrated light distribution, ZD - with an average) - as you can see, to denote different categories selected criteria.
There are groups that can be attributed to the most popular:
- General purpose;
- for vehicles;
- searchlight;
- miniature and others.
Consider the scope and characteristics of the various categories, which in some cases may overlap with each other.
Description of the technical requirements of each of these categories can be found in the relevant sections of the Standard. Due to design features and applications of marking devices of different groups differ.
on the application of the marking features
Lamp easier to pick up, if the focus in the legend. They reflect the important specifications, possible area of use, design features and manufacturing techniques.
Beginning with the letter in an amount of from 1 to 4, which reflect the structural features characteristic. For easy deciphering It is based on the first letter of a fundamental criterion, for example, G - gazopolnaya monospiralnaya lamp, in - vacuum monospiralnaya, K - krypton and others.
This is followed by an indication of the destination:
- F - train;
- A - automotive;
- SM - Samoletnaya;
- RV - for spotlights, etc..
The letters are the figures, denoting specifications - voltage (V) and power (W). Marking a special type of lamps is different: capacity is not specified, but it is possible to determine the current, luminous flux or light intensity. If your device has two spirals, the power for each of them is indicated separately. The latter figure may indicate the development of number if the modified structure.
Basic specifications
The most important parameter of the light source with the heater body is power, which is determined in watts. Assigning a variety of lamps, so the range is large - from 0.1 W Indicator "fireflies" to 23 thousand. W spotlights for lighthouses. Company General Electric and Osram produce powerful lighting for theater and film productions.
In household use low-power devices, generally from 15 W to 150 W, and in the industrial sector are used lamps to 1500 watts.
Quality of the luminous flux and the degree of dispersion of the flask regulated manufacturing material. Maximum light transmission characteristic of clear glass lamps, while two other types absorb some of the light. For example, a frosted glass bulb steals 3% light flux, and white - 20%.
Often the power of everyday incandescent lamps is limited by material (lamp shades, lampshades). Manufacturers chandeliers and sconces usually indicate the recommended settings - typically 40 W, at least 60 watts.
In 2011, incandescent lamps are officially recognized economical and low fire hazard, so a law was passed on the termination of 100W light source output. The next step - a law banning more powerful 50 watt devices. However, the user does not lose anything, because in today's market a huge number of more productive and cost-effective LED and other analogues.
Today, many types of refuse from the outdated lamps due to the high energy consumption and short life. However, there are categories of people who prefer to buy cheap and inefficient sources - due to their production of incandescent light bulbs is going on.
The second important factor that must be considered when buying - kind of incandescent lamp cap, size. We import and domestic LED lamps are many varieties of caps, while ordinary lamps are limited to three.
Now oblige manufacturers to pack every product in a separate box, so that specifications can be found on it. Power usually indicate the energy efficiency class (low - E), the type of base, clear bulb, service life in hours.
Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps
The consumer continues to purchase neekonomchnye bulb through a number of advantages, although some of them are rather conventional. According to the reviews, they are chosen because of the following qualities:
- low cost;
- no ballast equipment;
- instant ignition after switching;
- habitual "home" light;
- absence of harmful substances;
- no reaction at low temperature and electromagnetic pulses.
However, few people evaluate the quality of the light flux, or pulsation, yet for the most decisive is the first factor.
But the disadvantages are much greater, since among them is comparatively low luminous efficacy, limited life, small range color temperature (only yellow light), the dependence of the voltage drops in the network, fire hazard.
Now there is an opportunity to compare the practices of incandescent lamps, HID and LED counterparts. Anyone who has noticed the difference in energy consumption, long ago switched to energy-saving devices.
How to choose the right bulb
When buying bulbs are guided primarily by the amount of base and power. These two parameters are easily determined from old, burnt light source.
If you choose a smaller power unit, the light flux is weaker if greater, the risk lampshades integrity - they may be deformed due to high temperature heating.
In addition to the technical characteristics necessary to pay attention to the quality of manufacturing the lamp. Preference is to give products with a wide contact base, soldered conductors, stable fixed filament.
Useful videos on the topic
More informative and interesting information on production, use and disadvantages of incandescent bulbs - in the videos shot by amateurs and professionals.
Interesting facts about the filament lamps:
How does the production of IL:
Comparative overview of different types of lamps:
Popularly about choosing lamps for the home:
The consumer himself may choose a light bulb for use in the home. But do not chase cheapness and deceptive advantage. Given that the lighting we use constantly, and light bulbs in the house, as a rule, more than a dozen, should reconsider habits. Many users have long switched to a more reliable, efficient, safe LED lamps.
